The Model Forest (MF) concept emerged in Canada in the early 1990’s to promote partnership arrangements for the sustainable governance of forest landscapes. Since then, the concept has grown internationally, attracting interests from both policy-makers and researchers. Internationally, MF arrangements provide a platform not only for fostering multilevel governance arrangements but also to act as bridging organizations that facilitate the interaction of multiple actors from the state, market and community to achieve sustainability within specific socio-ecological landscapes. For instance, in some jurisdictions, the role of MFs in facilitating partnership arrangements between local communities and markets described as private-social partnership arrangements to enhance the sustainable management of forests has been noted. However, our understanding of the effectiveness of MFs in promoting private-social partnership arrangements for the sustainable management of smallscale forests across different institutional settings is less well known

Model forest, Adaptatation, Canada